IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 Practice Test

When two items are mentioned, referring to the first one as the former is the natural, concise choice. Former and latter are paired terms that stand in for the first and second items without repeating them, which keeps sentences smooth and formal.

So the first item is the former, and the second item would be the latter. Using the second directly is possible, but it’s less elegant in many contexts. The last implies the final item in a sequence and can be misleading if the discussion isn’t about a longer list. Respectively is used to link two lists in the same order, not to name a single item.

Example: Among the two studies, the former shows a positive effect, while the latter shows no effect.